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The Life of ChristSection 90 / 113
Section 090 · Passion Week: Friday to Tuesday

Authority Challenged; Parables of Judgment (Sunday–Monday)

The chief priests demand to know by what authority he acts, and he answers with a question they dare not answer and three parables they cannot mistake: two sons, a vineyard let out to husbandmen who kill the heir, and a wedding feast whose guests will not come.

Matthew 21:23–22:14; Mark 11:27–12:12; Luke 20:1–193 of 4 accountsReading: CCE

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ProvenanceJSTJoseph Smith TranslationCCECovenant Christian EditionDeleted text shown struck, attributed
Study: reading text with parallel accounts; changes available.

Note. The Joseph Smith Translation adds a whole passage here that has no King James verse: after the priests withdraw, the disciples ask about the parable and Jesus explains it, naming himself the stone and carrying the vineyard forward into the last days.

? How to read this edition

The reading is the Joseph Smith Translation, in the text of the Covenant Christian Edition, carried beside each Gospel and set against the King James baseline. Headers give both numbering systems: the CCE chapter and verse, and the traditional KJV reference.

JST
Green: Joseph Smith Translation. Where the Covenant Christian Edition departs in substance from the King James text and the change is in the JST (confirmed against the parallel-column edition). Modernized English (“has” for “hath,” “you” for “thou”) is not marked.
CCE
Burgundy: Covenant Christian Edition. Where the CCE’s reading departs from the King James but the change is not in the Joseph Smith Translation manuscript (e.g. “this day I have begotten you” at the baptism). Some are Joseph’s own readings from his sermons; the section’s Joseph Smith commentary then gives the sermon.
MatthewKJVMatthew 21:23–22:14CCEMatthew 10:10–19NT 1 (21)NT 1 (22)NT 2 (21)NT 2 (22)

23And when he had come into the temple, the chief priests and the elders of the people came unto him as he was teaching, and said, By what authority do you these things? And who gave you this authority? 24And Jesus answered and said unto them, I also will ask you one thing, which if you tell me, I likewise will tell you by what authority I do these things. 25The baptism of John, from where was it? From Heaven or of men? And they reasoned with themselves, saying, If we shall say, From Heaven, he will say unto us, Why did you not then believe him? 26But if we shall say, Of men, we fear the people, for all people hold John as a prophet. 27And they answered Jesus and said, We cannot tell. And he said unto them, Neither tell I you by what authority I do these things.

28But what do you think? A man had two sons. And he came to the first, and said, Son, go work today in my vineyard. 29He answered and said, I will not. But afterward he repented and went. 30And he came to the second and said likewise. And he answered and said, I go, sir I will serve, and went not. 31Which of those two did the will of their father? They say unto him, The first. Jesus said unto them, Truly I say unto you that the publicans and the harlots shall go into the kingdom of God before you; 32for John came unto you in the way of righteousness and bore record of me and you believed him not, but the publicans and the harlots believed him. And ye, when ye had seen it, repented not afterward, that ye might believe him. And you, afterward, when you had seen me, repented not, that you might believe him; for he that believed not John concerning me cannot believe me, except he first repent. And except you repent, the preaching of John shall condemn you in the day of judgment.

33And again, hear another parable; for unto you that believe not, I speak in parables, that your unrighteousness may be rewarded unto you. Behold, there was a certain householder who planted a vineyard, and hedged it round about, and dug a winepress in it, and built a tower, and leased it out to husbandmen, and went into a far country. 34And when the time of the fruit drew near, he sent his servants to the husbandmen, that they might receive the fruits of it. 35And the husbandmen took his servants, and beat one, and killed another, and stoned another. 36Again he sent other servants, more than the first; and they did unto them likewise. 37But last of all, he sent unto them his son, saying, They will reverence my son. 38But when the husbandmen saw the son, they said among themselves, This is the heir; come, let us kill him and let us seize on his inheritance. 39And they caught him, and cast him out of the vineyard, and slew him. 40And Jesus said unto them, When the lord therefore of the vineyard comes, what will he do unto those husbandmen? 41They say unto him, He will miserably destroy those wicked men, and will let out his vineyard destroy those miserable, wicked men and will lease the vineyard unto other husbandmen, who shall render him the fruits in their seasons.

42Jesus said unto them, Did you never read in the scriptures: The stone which the builders rejected, the same is to become the head of the corner; this is the Lord’s doings, and it is marvelous in our eyes? 43Therefore say I unto you, the kingdom of God shall be taken from you and given to a nation bringing forth the fruits thereof. 44For whoever shall fall on this stone shall be broken, but on whomever it shall fall, it will grind him to powder.

45And when the chief priests and Pharisees had heard his parables, they perceived that he spoke of them. 46And they said among themselves, Shall this man think that he alone can spoil this great kingdom? And they were angry with him. But when they sought to lay hands on him, they feared the multitude, because they learned that the multitude took him for a prophet.

And now his disciples came to him, and Jesus said unto them, Do you marvel at the words of the parable which I spoke unto them? Truly I say unto you, I am the stone, and those wicked ones reject me. I am the head of the corner. These Jews shall fall upon me and shall be broken, and the kingdom of God shall be taken from them and shall be given to a nation bringing forth the fruits thereof (meaning the Gentiles). Wherefore, on whomever this stone shall fall, it shall grind him to powder. And when the Lord therefore of the vineyard comes, he will destroy those miserable, wicked men, and will lease again his vineyard unto other husbandmen, even in the last days, which shall render him the fruits in their seasons.

And then understood they the parable which he spoke unto them, that the Gentiles should be destroyed also when the Lord should descend out of Heaven to reign in his vineyard, which is the earth and the inhabitants thereof.

1And Jesus answered the people again, and spoke unto them in parables, and said, 2The kingdom of Heaven is like unto a certain king who made a marriage for his son. 3And when the marriage was ready, he sent forth his servants to call them that were bid to the wedding; and they would not come. 4Again, he sent forth other servants, saying, Tell them that are bid, Behold, I have prepared my oxen, and my fatlings have been killed, and my dinner is ready, and all things are prepared; therefore, come unto the marriage. 5But they made light of it the servants and went their ways — one to his farm, and another to his merchandise. 6And the remnant took his servants, and treated them spitefully, and slew them. 7But when the king heard that his servants were dead, he was angry. And he sent forth his armies, and destroyed those murderers, and burned up their city.

8Then said he to his servants, The wedding is ready, but they who were bid were not worthy. 9Go therefore into the highways, and as many as you shall find, bid to the marriage. 10So those servants went out into the highways and gathered together all, as many as they found, both bad and good, and the wedding was furnished with guests.

11But when the king came in to see the guests, he saw there a man who had not on a wedding garment. 12And he said unto him, Friend, how did you come in here not having a wedding garment? And he was speechless. 13Then said the king unto his servants, Bind him hand and foot, and take him away, and cast him into and cast him away into outer darkness. There shall be weeping and gnashing of teeth, 14for many are called, but few chosen; wherefore, all do not have on the wedding garment.

MarkKJVMark 11:27–12:12CCEMark 5:36–39NT 2 (11)NT 2 (12)

27And they came again to Jerusalem. And as he was walking in the temple, there came to him the chief priests, and the scribes, and the elders, 28and said unto him, By what authority do you do these things? And who gave you this authority to do these things? 29And Jesus answered and said unto them, I will also ask of you one question. Answer me, and then I will tell you by what authority I do these things. 30The baptism of John, was it Was the baptism of John from Heaven or of men? Answer me. 31And they reasoned with themselves, saying, If we shall say, From Heaven, he will say, Why then did you not believe him? 32But if we shall say, Of men, they feared the people: for all men counted John we shall offend the people. Therefore, they feared the people, for all people believed John, that he was a prophet indeed. 33And they answered and said unto Jesus, We cannot tell. And Jesus, answering, said unto them, Neither do I tell you by what authority I do these things.

1And he Jesus began to speak unto them by parables, saying, A man planted a vineyard, and set a hedge about it, and dug the wine vat, and built a tower, and leased it out to husbandmen, and went into a far country. 2And at the season, he sent to the husbandmen a servant, that he might receive from the husbandmen of the fruit of the vineyard. 3And they caught him the servant, and beat him, and sent him away empty. 4And again he sent unto them another servant, and at him they cast stones and wounded him in the head, and sent him away shamefully handled. 5And again he sent another, and him they killed, and many others — beating some and killing some.

6Having yet therefore one son, his well-beloved, he sent him also last unto them, saying, They will reverence my son. 7But those husbandmen said among themselves, This is the heir; come, let us kill him and the inheritance shall be ours. 8And they took him and killed him and cast him out of the vineyard cast him out of the vineyard and killed him. 9What shall therefore the Lord of the vineyard do? Behold, he will come and destroy the husbandmen and will give the vineyard unto others. 10Again, have you not read this scripture: The stone which the builders rejected has become the head of the corner; 11this was the Lord’s doing and it is marvelous in our eyes?

12And now they were angry when they heard these words, and they sought to lay hold on him, but feared the people, for they knew that he had spoken the parable against them. And they left him and went their way.

LukeKJVLuke 20:1–19CCELuke 12:6–8NT 2

1And it came to pass that on one of those days, as he taught the people in the temple and preached the gospel, the chief priests and the scribes came upon him with the elders 2and spoke unto him, saying, Tell us by what authority you do these things; or who is he who gave you this authority? 3And he answered and said unto them, I will also ask you one thing; answer me: 4The baptism of John, was it from Heaven or of men? 5And they reasoned with themselves, saying, If we shall say, From Heaven, he will say, Why then did you not believe him? 6And if we say, Of men, all the people will stone us, for they are persuaded that John was a prophet. 7And they answered that they could not tell from where it was. 8Jesus said unto them, Neither do I tell you by what authority I do these those things.

9Then began he to speak to the people this parable: A certain man planted a vineyard, and leased it out to husbandmen, and went into a far country for a long time. 10And at the season of the harvest, he sent his servant to the husbandmen, that they should give him of the fruit of the vineyard; but the husbandmen beat him and sent him away empty. 11And again he sent another servant, and they beat him also, and treated him shamefully, and sent him away empty. 12And again he sent a third, and they wounded him also and cast him out. 13Then said the lord of the vineyard, What shall I do? I will send my beloved son; it may be they will reverence him when they see him. 14But when the husbandmen saw him, they reasoned among themselves, saying, This is the heir; come, let us kill him, that the inheritance may be ours. 15So they cast him out of the vineyard and killed him. What therefore shall the lord of the vineyard do unto them? 16He shall come and destroy these husbandmen and shall give the vineyard to others. And when they heard it this, they said, God forbid.

17And he beheld them and said, What is this then which is written: The stone which the builders rejected, the same has become the head of the corner? 18Whoever shall fall upon that stone shall be broken, but on whomever it shall fall, it shall grind him to powder. 19And the chief priests and the scribes, the same hour, sought to lay hands on him, but they feared the people, for they perceived that he had spoken this parable against them.

Joseph Smith on the called and the chosen

Many Are Called, but Few Are Chosen

Two of the three parables here, the vineyard let out to husbandmen and the marriage of the king’s son, are about delegated authority and what forfeits it. Joseph took up both questions: once at length in an 1834 Kirtland epistle on the marriage supper, and once from a dungeon in Missouri, where “many are called, but few are chosen” became the hinge of the best-known thing he ever wrote about priesthood.

The Marriage Supper

The epistle argues the whole way round Matthew 22 twice: first as an allegory of a king whose laws promise his obedient subjects a seat at his son’s wedding, then as a direct reading of the parable itself.

Letter, “The Elders of the Church in Kirtland, to Their Brethren Abroad,” 22 January 1834 · published in the Evening and Morning Star, 1834 (History of the Church 2:4–24; Teachings of the Prophet Joseph Smith, pp. 52, 63). The Joseph Smith Papers does not yet show this letter at a page that can be linked, so no manuscript link is given.

Were a king to extend his dominion over the habitable earth, and send forth his laws which were the most perfect kind, and command his subjects one and all to yield obedience to the same, and add as a reward to those who obeyed them, that at a certain period they should be called to attend the marriage of his son, who in due time was to receive the kingdom, and they should be made equal with him in the same; and fix as a penalty for disobedience that every individual guilty of it should be cast out at the marriage feast, and have no part nor portion with his government, what rational mind could for a moment accuse the king with injustice for punishing such rebellious subjects?

In the first place his laws were just, easy to be complied with, and perfect: nothing of a tyrannical nature was required of them; but the very construction of the laws was equity and beauty; and when obeyed would produce the happiest condition possible to all who adhered to them, beside the last great benefit of sitting down with a royal robe in the presence of the king at the great, grand marriage supper of his son, and be made equal with him in all affairs of the kingdom.

In the 22nd chapter of Matthew’s account of the Messiah, we find the kingdom of heaven likened unto a king who made a marriage for his son. That this son was the Messiah will not be disputed, since it was the kingdom of heaven that was represented in the parable; and that the Saints, or those who are found faithful to the Lord, are the individuals who will be found worthy to inherit a seat at the marriage supper, is evident from the sayings of John in the Revelation where he represents the sound which he heard in heaven to be like a great multitude, or like the voice of mighty thunderings, saying, the Lord God Omnipotent reigneth. Let us be glad and rejoice, and give honor to Him; for the marriage of the Lamb is come, and His wife hath made herself ready. And to her was granted that she should be arrayed in fine linen, clean and white: For the fine linen is the righteousness of Saints (Rev. 19).

That those who keep the commandments of the Lord and walk in His statutes to the end, are the only individuals permitted to sit at this glorious feast, is evident from the following items in Paul’s last letter to Timothy, which was written just previous to his death,—he says: “I have fought a good fight, I have finished my course, I have kept the faith: henceforth there is laid up for me a crown of righteousness, which the Lord, the righteous Judge, shall give me at that day: and not to me only, but unto all them also that love His appearing.”

Reflect for a moment, brethren, and enquire, whether you would consider yourselves worthy a seat at the marriage feast with Paul and others like him, if you had been unfaithful? Had you not fought the good fight, and kept the faith, could you expect to receive? Have you a promise of receiving a crown of righteousness from the hand of the Lord, with the Church of the Firstborn?

“Many Are Called, but Few Are Chosen”: The Liberty Jail Letter

Written from the jail at Liberty, Missouri, about March 22, 1839, and canonized in the Covenant Christian Edition as T&C 139. The chief priests had asked Jesus by what authority he acted; here Joseph answers the same question from the other side: what authority is, and the exact moment a man loses it. This is a letter, not a sermon, so there are no reporters’ records and no scribal-accounts toggle. The reading is the letter as the Joseph Smith Papers transcribe it, in its own spelling; the CCE’s text is linked.

Letter to Edward Partridge and the Church, about 22 March 1839, Liberty Jail, Clay County, Missouri · T&C 139:5–6 (D&C 121:34–46) · Joseph Smith Papers ↗

Also recorded in Teachings and Commandments 139:5–6, the same words in the CCE.

Behold there are ma[n]y called but few are chosen. And why are they not chosen? Because their hearts are set so much upon the things of this world and aspire to the honors of men that they do not learn this one lesson that the rights of priesthood are inseperably connected with the powers of heaven and that the powers of heaven connot be controled nor handled only upon the principals of rightiousness. That they may be confered upon us it is true but when we undertake to cover our sins or to gratify our pride or vain ambition or to exercise controle or dominion or compulsion upon the souls of the children of men in any degree of unritiousness behold the heavens withdraw themselves the spirit of the Lord is grieved and when it has withdrawn Amen to the priesthood or the authority of that man behold ere he is aware he is left unto himself to kicken against the pricks to persecute the saints and to fight against God.

We have learned by sad experiance that it is the nature and disposition of almost all men as soon as they get a little authority as they suppose they will imediately begin to [e]xercise unritious dominion. hence ma[n]y [are] called but few are ch[osen.] [No power or in]f[luence] can or ought to be maintained by [vi]rt[ue] of the Priesthood only by persuasion by long suffering by gentleness and meekness and by love unfaigned by kindness by pure knowledge which shall greatly enlarge the soul without hypocrisy and without guile reproving be-times with sharpness when moved upon by the Holy Ghost and then showing forth afterwords an increas of love toward him whom thou hast reproved lest he esteem the[e] to be his enimy that he may know that thy faithfulness is stronger than the cords of death …

Nauvoo, January 21, 1844

Five years later, preaching in front of Robert D. Foster’s hotel near the temple, he came back to the same verse, and read it as a question about who will actually abide the law they have received. Switch to “Scribal accounts” for Wilford Woodruff’s diary.

Discourse, 21 January 1844, near the temple, Nauvoo, Illinois · History, 1838–1856, volume E-1, pp. 1866–67 (History of the Church 6:183–85; Teachings of the Prophet Joseph Smith, pp. 329–31) · Joseph Smith Papers ↗

Also recorded in Wilford Woodruff’s journal.

The question is frequently asked, can we not be saved without going through with all those ordinances &c.? I would answer, No, not the fulness of Salvation. Jesus said “there are many mansions in my father’s house, and I will go and prepare a place for you.’ House here named should have been translated kingdom; and any person who is exalted to the highest mansion, has to abide a celestial law, and the whole law too.

But there has been a great difficulty in getting anything into the heads of this generation; it has been like splitting hemlock knots with a corn dodger for a wedge, and a pumpkin for a beetle. Even the Saints are slow to understand. I have tried for a number of years to get the minds of the saints prepared to receive the things of God, but we frequently see some of them, after suffering all they have for the work of God will fly to pieces like glass, as soon as anything comes that is contrary to their traditions; they cannot stand the fire at all; how many will be able to abide a celestial law and go through, and receive their exaltation, I am unable to say; as many are called but few are chosen.

Margaret Barker · Isaiah’s vineyard

Justice and Bloodshed Sound Almost the Same

The parable of the husbandmen is not a new story: Jesus takes it from Isaiah 5, where the LORD plants a vineyard and gets sour grapes. Barker points out that Isaiah built the song on a pair of Hebrew puns, so that the good the vineyard should have produced and the evil it did produce are nearly indistinguishable to the ear.

The Old Testament prophets often used wordplay to emphasise their teaching, and also to show how similar two entirely opposite conditions could seem. The prophets chose words with a similar sound, but which had an exactly opposite meaning. The best known example is the parable of the vineyard, taken up later by Jesus, but originally composed by Isaiah. He described the Lord’s provision and care for his people in terms of a man who planted and tended a vineyard. He looked for a good crop, and found nothing but sour grapes. He looked for justice and righteousness, but found instead bloodshed and cries of despair. Justice and bloodshed sound similar: mišpat and mišpah; as do righteousness and cry of despair, ṣedaqah and ṣe‘aqah.
Satan, because of this, is always described as the deceiver, the one who makes things seem similar and attractive, when in fact the result is the exact opposite.