There were two goats and, according to the Mishnah, they had to be identical (m.Yoma 6.1). Between them, they carried the ritual. This is important; the two goats were two aspects of one ritual and cannot be separated. This was known to the first Christians who had no difficulty in comparing Jesus to both goats; he was both the sacrifice and the scapegoat. The two goats were distinguished by lot: one was “for Azazel” and the other was “for the Lord.”
Before Pilate & Herod
The one man with the authority to stop it examines him, finds nothing, sends him to Herod, gets him back, offers the crowd a murderer instead, is warned by his wife, washes his hands in front of everybody, and signs the order.
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Note. The Joseph Smith Translation turns his one answer to Pilate from an evasion into a plain yes, in all three Synoptics at once, and finishes Matthew’s account of Judas with the sentence from Acts. John’s thirty-five verses of interrogation, the longest in the Gospels, are not revised at all.
? How to read this edition
The reading is the Joseph Smith Translation, in the text of the Covenant Christian Edition, carried beside each Gospel and set against the King James baseline. Headers give both numbering systems: the CCE chapter and verse, and the traditional KJV reference.
1When the morning came, all the chief priests and elders of the people took counsel against Jesus to put him to death. 2And when they had bound him, they led him away and delivered him to Pontius Pilate the governor.
3Then Judas, who had betrayed him, when he saw that he was condemned, repented himself regretted it and brought again the thirty pieces of silver to the chief priests and elders, 4saying, I have sinned in that I have betrayed the innocent blood. And they said unto him, What is that to us? You see to it; your sins be upon you. 5And he cast down the pieces of silver in the temple and departed, and went and hanged himself on a tree. And immediately he fell down, and his bowels gushed out, and he died.
6And the chief priests took the silver pieces and said, It is not lawful to put them into the treasury, because it is the price of blood. 7And they took counsel, and bought with them the potter’s field, to bury strangers in. 8Wherefore, that field was called, The field of blood, unto this day. 9Then was fulfilled that which was spoken by Jeremiah the prophet, saying, And they took the thirty pieces of silver, the price of him that was valued, whom they of the children of Israel did value. 10And therefore they took the pieces of silver and gave them for the potter’s field, as the Lord appointed me by the mouth of Jeremiah.
11And Jesus stood before the governor, and the governor asked him, saying, Are you the king of the Jews? And Jesus said unto him, You say truly, for thus it is written of me. 12And when he was accused of the chief priests and elders, he answered nothing. 13Then said Pilate unto him, Do you not hear how many things they witness against you? 14And he answered him not to his questions; yea, never a word, insomuch that the governor marveled greatly.
15Now at the feast, the governor was accustomed to release unto the people a prisoner, whom they desired. 16And they had then a notable prisoner, called Barabbas. 17Therefore, when they had gathered together, Pilate said unto them, Whom do you desire that I release unto you? Barabbas? Or Jesus who is called Christ? 18(For he knew that for envy they had delivered him. 19When he was seated on the judgment seat, his wife sent unto him, saying, Have nothing to do with that just man, for I have suffered many things this day in a dream vision because of him.)
20But the chief priests and elders persuaded the multitude that they should ask Barabbas and destroy Jesus. 21And the governor said unto them, Which of the two do you desire that I release unto you? They said, Barabbas. 22Pilate said unto them, What shall I do with Jesus, who is called Christ? And all said unto him, Let him be crucified. 23And the governor said, Why? What evil has he done? But they cried out the more, saying, Let him be crucified! 24When Pilate saw that he could prevail nothing, but rather a tumult was made, he took water and washed his hands before the multitude, saying, I am innocent of the blood of this just person. See ye to it. See that you do nothing unto him. 25Then answered all the people and said, His blood come on us and our children. 26Then he released Barabbas unto them. And when he had scourged Jesus, he delivered him to be crucified.
1And immediately in the morning, the chief priests held a consultation with the elders and scribes. And the whole council condemned him and bound him, and carried him away and delivered him to Pilate. 2And Pilate asked him, Are you the king of the Jews? And Jesus, answering, said unto him, Thou sayest it. I am even as you say. 3And the chief priests accused him of many things, but he answered nothing. 4And Pilate asked him again, saying, You answer nothing? Behold how many things they witness against you. 5But Jesus yet answered nothing, so that Pilate marveled.
6Now at that feast he released it was common at the feast for Pilate to release unto them one prisoner, whomever they desired. 7And there was a man named Barabbas, bound with them who had made insurrection with him, who had committed murder in the insurrection. 8And the multitude, crying aloud, began to desire him to do as he had ever done unto them to deliver Jesus unto them. 9But Pilate answered unto them, saying, Do you desire that I release unto you the king of the Jews? 10For he knew that the chief priests had delivered him for envy. 11But the chief priests moved the people that he should rather release Barabbas unto them, as he had before done unto them. 12And Pilate spoke again, and said unto them, What do you desire then that I shall do with him whom you call the king of the Jews? 13And they cried out again, Deliver him unto us to be crucified! Away with him! Crucify him! 14Then Pilate said unto them, Why? What evil has he done? But they cried out the more exceedingly, Crucify him! 15And now Pilate, willing to content the people, released Barabbas unto them, and delivered Jesus, when he had scourged him, to be crucified.
1And the whole multitude of them arose and led him unto Pilate. 2And they began to accuse him, saying, We found this man perverting the nation and forbidding to give tribute to Caesar, saying that he himself is Christ, a king. 3And Pilate asked him, saying, Are you the king of the Jews? And he answered him and said, Yea, you say it. 4Then said Pilate to the chief priests and people, I find no fault in this man. 5And they were the more fierce, saying, He stirs up the people, teaching throughout all Judea, beginning from Galilee to this place. 6When Pilate heard of Galilee, he asked whether the man was a Galilean. 7And as soon as he knew that he belonged unto Herod’s jurisdiction, he sent him to Herod, who himself also was at Jerusalem at that time.
8And when Herod saw Jesus, he was exceedingly glad, for he was desirous of a long time to see him because he had heard many things of him and he hoped to have seen some miracle done by him. 9Then he questioned with him in many words, but he answered him nothing. 10And the chief priests and scribes stood and vehemently accused him. 11And Herod, with his men of war, despised him and mocked him, and arrayed him in a gorgeous robe, and sent him again to Pilate. 12And the same day, Pilate and Herod were made friends together, for before this, they were at enmity between themselves.
13And Pilate, when he had called together the chief priests, and the rulers, and the people, 14said unto them, You have brought this man unto me as one who perverts the people; and behold, I, having examined him before you, have found no fault in this man, touching those things whereof you accuse him. 15No, nor yet Herod, for I sent you to him and, behold, nothing worthy of death is done unto him. 16I will therefore chastise him and release him — 17for of necessity he must release one unto them at the feast. 18But they cried out all at once, saying, Away with this man and release unto us Barabbas! — 19who, for a certain sedition made in the city and for murder, was cast into prison. 20Pilate, therefore, willing to release Jesus, spoke again to them. 21But they cried, saying, Crucify him! Crucify him! 22And he said unto them the third time, Why? What evil has he done? I have found no cause of death in him. I will therefore chastise him and let him go. 23And they were insistent in loud voices, requiring that he might be crucified. And the voices of them and of the chief priests prevailed. 24And Pilate gave sentence that it should be as they required.
25And he released unto them him who, for sedition and murder, was cast into prison, whom they had desired, but he and delivered Jesus to their will.
28Then they led Jesus from Caiaphas unto the hall of judgment, and it was early. And they themselves went not into the judgment hall, lest they should be defiled, but that they might eat the passover. 29Pilate then went out unto them and said, What accusation do you bring against this man? 30They answered and said unto him, If he were not a malefactor, we would not have delivered him up unto you. 31Then said Pilate unto them, Take him and judge him according to your law. The Jews therefore said unto him, It is not lawful for us to put any man to death — 32that the saying of Jesus might be fulfilled, which he spoke signifying what death he should die.
33Then Pilate entered into the judgment hall again, and called Jesus and said unto him, Are you the king of the Jews? 34Jesus answered him, Do you say this thing of yourself? Or did others tell it to you of me? 35Pilate answered, Am I a Jew? Your own nation and the chief priests have delivered you unto me. What have you done? 36Jesus answered, My kingdom is not of this world. If my kingdom were of this world, then would my servants fight, that I should not be delivered to the Jews. But now is my kingdom not from here. 37Pilate therefore said unto him, Are you a king then? Jesus answered, You say that I am a king; to this end was I born, and for this cause came I into the world — that I should bear witness unto the truth. Everyone that is of the truth hears my voice. 38Pilate says unto him, What is truth?
And when he had said this, he went out again unto the Jews, and says unto them, I find in him no fault at all; 39but you have a custom that I should release unto you one at the Passover. Do you desire therefore that I release unto you the king of the Jews? 40Then cried they all again, saying, Not this man, but Barabbas! (Now Barabbas was a robber.) 1Then Pilate therefore took Jesus and scourged him. 2And the soldiers plaited a crown of thorns and put it on his head, and they put on him a purple robe 3and said, Hail, king of the Jews! And they smote him with their hands.
4Pilate therefore went forth again, and says unto them, Behold, I bring him forth to you that you may know that I find no fault in him. 5Then came Jesus forth, wearing the crown of thorns and the purple robe. And Pilate says unto them, Behold the man! 6When the chief priests therefore and officers saw him, they cried out, saying, Crucify him, crucify him! Pilate says unto them, Take him and crucify him, for I find no fault in him. 7The Jews answered him, We have a law, and by our law he ought to die because he made himself the Son of God.
8When Pilate therefore heard that saying, he was the more afraid, 9and went again into the judgment hall, and says unto Jesus, Where are you from? But Jesus gave him no answer. 10Then says Pilate unto him, You do not speak unto me? Do you not know that I have power to crucify you? And have power to release you? 11Jesus answered, You could have no power at all against me except it were given you from above. Therefore, he that delivered me unto you has the greater sin. 12And from that time forth, Pilate sought to release him.
But the Jews cried out, saying, If you let this man go, you are not Caesar’s friend! Whoever makes himself a king speaks against Caesar! 13When Pilate therefore heard that saying, he brought Jesus forth and sat down in the judgment seat in a place that is called the Pavement (but in the Hebrew, Gabbatha). 14And it was the preparation of the Passover and about the sixth hour, and he says unto the Jews, Behold your king! 15But they cried out, Away with him, away with him, crucify him! Pilate says unto them, Shall I crucify your king? The chief priests answered, We have no king but Caesar. 16Then he delivered him therefore unto them to be crucified.
And they took Jesus and led him away.
Identical, and Separated by Lot
Pilate offers the crowd two men and makes them choose. The scene is normally read as Roman politics: an amnesty custom exploited by a weak governor. Barker’s reconstruction of the Day of Atonement supplies a different frame: the ritual at the center of the Jewish year also required two, they had to be indistinguishable, they were separated by lot, one was killed and one was sent away alive, and the first Christians read Jesus as both of them.
There is additional information about the scapegoat in the Mishnah; people pulled out the goat’s hair as it was led away (m.Yoma 6.4). In the Epistle of Barnabas there is a quotation from an unknown source about the scapegoat: “Spit on it, all of you, thrust your…”
In the ritual of the second temple, the figure became two goats: one bearing the sins away and the life/blood of the other being taken into the holy of holies where the ark, the throne had been.
Barker is not commenting on Barabbas and does not mention him. The juxtaposition is the editor’s, but the second entry is worth holding on to through the next two sections, because the treatment the Mishnah describes for the goat that was led away is the treatment the soldiers give him in the common hall.